Overall Red alert Tropical Cyclone for NIRAN-21
in New Caledonia, Australia, Norfolk Island, Vanuatu
04 Mar 2021 12 UTC
click on to select bulletin time
Impact Single TC
Impact based on all weather systems in the area

Impact

Tropical Cyclone NIRAN-21 can have a high humanitarian impact based on the maximum sustained wind speed,exposed population and vulnerability.

Meteorological source GFS
Exposed countries Vanuatu, New Caledonia
Exposed population 1 thousand in Category 1 or higher
Maximum wind speed 162 km/h
Maximum storm surge 0.9 m (06 Mar 06:30 UTC)
Vulnerability Medium (New Caledonia)

GDACS Score

GDACS alert score for Tropical Cyclones is 0.5 (GREEN Alert), 1.5 (ORANGE Alert), 2.5 (RED Alert)
For more info on GDACS alert score click here.
  Wind Storm surge Rainfall GDACS score
GFS Current 162 km/h 0.9 m 164 mm 0.5
GFS Overall 349 km/h 1.1 m 1134 mm 2.5

Maximum winds, storm surge, rainfall (Current: over the next 72 h, Overall: entire TC track)

TOP

Wind

349 km/h

Up to 1 thousand in Category 1 strength or higher (see SSHS)



Wind exposed population - AoIs

Estimations based on the bulletin of 04 Mar 2021 12:00 UTC
CategoryCountryPopulation 
CAT. 1New Caledonia1,207 
Tropical StormVanuatu, New Caledonia277,127
+
Vanuatu18,452 
New Caledonia258,675 

See TC classification SSHS


Wind Impact Timeline

people affected <=10000
10000< people affected <=100000
people affected >100000


Alert N° Date (UTC) Max Winds (km/h) Pop in Cat. 1 or higher TS Cat. 1 Cat. 2 Cat. 3 Cat. 4 Cat. 5 Countries
GREEN 1 01 Mar 2021 00:00 101 -
- - - - - Australia
GREEN 2 01 Mar 2021 06:00 83 -
- - - - - Australia
GREEN 3 01 Mar 2021 12:00 97 - - - - - - -
GREEN 4 01 Mar 2021 18:00 97 - - - - - - -
GREEN 5 02 Mar 2021 00:00 86 - - - - - - -
GREEN 6 02 Mar 2021 06:00 79 - - - - - - -
GREEN 7 02 Mar 2021 12:00 97 - - - - - - -
GREEN 8 02 Mar 2021 18:00 104 - - - - - - -
GREEN 9 03 Mar 2021 00:00 112 - - - - - - -
GREEN 10 03 Mar 2021 06:00 144 - - - - - - -
GREEN 11 03 Mar 2021 12:00 137 - - - - - - -
GREEN 12 03 Mar 2021 18:00 130 -
- - - - - Vanuatu
GREEN 13 04 Mar 2021 00:00 148 -
- - - - - Vanuatu
GREEN 14 04 Mar 2021 06:00 169 - - - - - - -
GREEN 15 04 Mar 2021 12:00 191 1 thousand
- - - - Vanuatu, New Caledonia
Download:





Impact estimation for the next 72h
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Rainfall





Rain exposed population - AoIs

Estimations based on the bulletin of 04 Mar 2021 12:00 UTC
LevelCountryPopulation 
250-500 mmVanuatu2,208 
100-250 mmSolomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia224,774
+
Solomon Islands1,724 
Vanuatu152,546 
New Caledonia70,504 
50-100 mmSolomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia337,602
+
Solomon Islands45,752 
Vanuatu111,638 
New Caledonia180,212 

Rain Impact Timeline

people affected <=10000
10000< people affected <=100000
people affected >100000


Alert N° Date (UTC) Max Rainfall (mm) Pop >100mm or higher 50-100 100-250 250-500 500-750 750-1000 >1000 Countries
Blue 1 01 Mar 2021 00:00 157 -
- - - - - Australia
Blue 2 01 Mar 2021 06:00 127 - - - - - - -
Blue 3 01 Mar 2021 12:00 81 - - - - - - -
Blue 4 01 Mar 2021 18:00 67 - - - - - - -
Blue 5 02 Mar 2021 00:00 139 - - - - - - -
Blue 6 02 Mar 2021 06:00 113 - - - - - - -
Blue 7 02 Mar 2021 12:00 186 - - - - - - -
Blue 8 02 Mar 2021 18:00 136 - - - - - - -
Blue 9 03 Mar 2021 00:00 169 - - - - - - -
Blue 10 03 Mar 2021 06:00 210 -
- - - - - Vanuatu
Blue 11 03 Mar 2021 12:00 189 2 thousand
- - - - Vanuatu
Blue 12 03 Mar 2021 18:00 192 50 thousand
- - - - Vanuatu
Blue 13 04 Mar 2021 00:00 196 -
- - - - - Vanuatu
Blue 14 04 Mar 2021 06:00 181 Few people
- - - - Vanuatu
Blue 15 04 Mar 2021 12:00 345 230 thousand
- - - Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia




Impact estimation for the next 72h
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StormSurge

0.9 m

The maximum Storm surge height is  0.9m in Pam, New Caledonia. This height is estimated for 06 Mar 2021 06:30 UTC .

The JRC has developed an experimental global storm surge model, which is run after each advisory issued by the regional tropical cyclone centres. The calculations are published about 20 minutes after a new advisory is detected by GDACS. The calculations identify the populated places affected by storm surge up to three days in advance, using the forecasted track. When forecasts change, the associated storm surge changes too and alert levels may go up or down. All links, data, statistics and maps refer to the latest available calculation. If the calculation for the last advisory is not completed, the latest available calculation is shown.

Storm Surge Exposed population - AoIs


Storm Surge Exposed locations

Calculation based on the bulletin of 04 Mar 2021 12:00 UTC
    
Alert Date (UTC) Name Country Storm surge height (m)
06 Mar 2021 06:30 Pam New Caledonia  0.9
06 Mar 2021 06:30 Balaide New Caledonia  0.9
06 Mar 2021 06:30 Saint-Paul New Caledonia  0.9
06 Mar 2021 07:30 Pouebo New Caledonia  0.8
06 Mar 2021 07:30 Yambe New Caledonia  0.8
06 Mar 2021 07:30 Diahoue New Caledonia  0.8
06 Mar 2021 07:30 Colnett New Caledonia  0.8
06 Mar 2021 06:30 Arama New Caledonia  0.6
06 Mar 2021 16:45 Nouville New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 16:45 Noumea New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 16:45 Dumbea New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 16:45 Comm. du Mont-Dore New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 16:45 Saint-Louis New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 16:45 Plum New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 17:45 Prony New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 17:45 Ouara New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 17:45 Waho New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 17:45 Goro New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 05:30 Tiabet New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 05:30 Poum-Plage New Caledonia  0.5
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Carmila Australia  0.5
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Flaggy Rock Australia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 14:45 Bouloupari New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 14:45 Tomo New Caledonia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 14:45 Nde New Caledonia  0.5
04 Mar 2021 12:45 Banana Pocket Australia  0.5
04 Mar 2021 12:45 Lethebrook Australia  0.5
04 Mar 2021 12:45 Cannon Valley Australia  0.5
04 Mar 2021 12:45 Windermere Australia  0.5
04 Mar 2021 12:45 Conway Australia  0.5
04 Mar 2021 12:30 Midgeton Australia  0.5
06 Mar 2021 05:30 Houone New Caledonia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Habana Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Barcoo Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Alexandra Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Te Kowai Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Etowri Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Nindaroo Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Rosella Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Chelona Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Glenella Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Bakers Creek Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Bucasia Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Eimeo Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 North Mackay Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Mackay Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Andergrove Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Cremorne Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Blacks Beach Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Slade Point Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Amhurst Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Hay Point Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Munbura Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Alligator Creek Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Taffy Islet Australia  0.4
06 Mar 2021 08:30 Poum New Caledonia  0.4
06 Mar 2021 08:30 Paagoumene New Caledonia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:45 Saint Helens Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:45 Seaforth Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Elalie Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Kalarka Australia  0.4
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Clairview Australia  0.4
06 Mar 2021 09:30 Koumac New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 14:00 Moindou New Caledonia  0.3
05 Mar 2021 06:00 Broadmount Australia  0.3
05 Mar 2021 06:00 Port Alma Australia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 12:15 Mouly New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 12:15 Lekia New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 12:15 Fayaoue New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 12:15 Wadrilla New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 12:15 Ognahu New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 12:15 Wegnec St-Joseph New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 12:15 Ognat New Caledonia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 14:45 Saint Lawrence Australia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 09:45 Ho New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 09:45 Meomo New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 09:45 Houailou New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 09:45 Ouakaya New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 09:45 Poro New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 09:45 Kouaoua New Caledonia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 13:15 Airlie Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Merinda Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Delta Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Bootooloo Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Inveroona Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Queens Beach Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Bowen Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Yumbabullo Australia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 10:15 Ouaco New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 10:15 Voh New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 10:15 Oundjo New Caledonia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 13:00 Cannonvale Australia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 08:45 Paola New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 08:45 Vieux Tuho New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 08:45 Touho New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 08:45 Kokengone New Caledonia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Mookarra Australia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 14:30 Paita New Caledonia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 19:00 Coolbie Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 19:00 Mutarnee Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 19:00 Moongobulla Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 19:00 Kinduro Australia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 08:45 Ouanache New Caledonia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 19:00 Rollingstone Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 19:30 Oolbun Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 20:00 Carstairs Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 20:00 Jarvisfield Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 20:00 Alva Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 20:00 Rita Island Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 19:15 Pallarenda Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 19:15 Belgian Gardens Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 19:15 Townsville Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 19:15 Oonoonba Australia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 09:00 Saint-Denis New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 09:00 Poindimie New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 09:00 Bayes New Caledonia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Coowonga Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Farnborough Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Coorooman Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Yeppoon Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Tanby Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Kinka Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Emu Park Australia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 05:00 Pairome New Caledonia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 19:00 Cluden Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:45 Halifax Australia  0.3
04 Mar 2021 12:45 Cassady Australia  0.3
05 Mar 2021 06:15 Keppel Sands Australia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 05:15 Panane New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 05:15 Mouane New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 05:15 Ono New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 05:15 Wala New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 05:15 Bweo New Caledonia  0.3
06 Mar 2021 09:30 Ouasse New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 09:30 Kaala-Gomen New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 09:15 Ometteux New Caledonia  0.2
04 Mar 2021 19:15 Lucinda Australia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Nessadiou New Caledonia  0.2
05 Mar 2021 10:30 Cardwell Australia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 08:30 Tipindje New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 08:30 Pindache New Caledonia  0.2
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Gladstone Australia  0.2
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Toolooa Australia  0.2
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Parsons Point Australia  0.2
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Benaraby Australia  0.2
04 Mar 2021 12:00 Boyne Island Australia  0.2
04 Mar 2021 18:30 Lower Tully Australia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 09:45 Ponerihouen New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 09:45 Mou New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 09:45 Moneo New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 09:45 Canala New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 09:45 Kuine New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 09:45 Nakety New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:30 Teouta New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 08:30 Ouanpoues New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 08:30 Hienghene New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Thio New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Saint-Gabriel New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Saint Roch New Caledonia  0.2
04 Mar 2021 15:30 Southend Australia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 20:30 Gadji New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 20:30 Kuto New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 20:30 Wapan New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 20:30 Vao New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 08:30 Ouenguip New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Doueoulou New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Hunete New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Chepenehe New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Doking New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Nang New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Nathalo New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 We New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Havila New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Tingeting New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:30 Ngoye New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:30 Petit-Borindi New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:45 Mamie New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:45 Yate-Village New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Ouinne New Caledonia  0.2
04 Mar 2021 12:00 South Mission Beach Australia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 08:30 Panie New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 11:00 Nepoui New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 11:00 Station Ouaneko New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 11:00 Station de Beaupre New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Inagod New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:30 Xode New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:30 Mou New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 08:15 Pinjen New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 11:00 Gouaro New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 11:00 Bourail New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 10:45 Tarbeville New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 13:15 Dosip New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 17:00 Thogone New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 17:00 Menaku New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 17:00 Miramas New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 17:00 Tawainedre New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 17:00 Hnadid New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 16:45 Nece New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 16:45 Ro New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 16:30 Tadine New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 16:30 Wabao New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 16:30 Medu New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 16:30 Eni New Caledonia  0.2
06 Mar 2021 16:45 Kurine New Caledonia  0.2
04 Mar 2021 15:15 Bustard Head Australia  0.2
04 Mar 2021 15:15 Seventeen Seventy Australia  0.2
05 Mar 2021 04:30 Pemberton Australia  0.2
05 Mar 2021 04:30 Elliott Heads Australia  0.2
05 Mar 2021 04:30 Woodgate Australia  0.2
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Wynnum Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Manly Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Capalaba Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Birkdale Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Wellington Point Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Ormiston Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Thornlands Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Cleveland Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Alberton Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Carbrook Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Raby Bay Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Gilberton Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Redland Bay Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Victoria Point Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Woongoolba Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Steiglitz Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Dunwich Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Wallen Wallen Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Canalpin Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Dundowran Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Urraween Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Point Vernon Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Kawungan Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Pialba Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Scarness Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Torquay Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Urangan Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 06:30 Bingham Australia  0.1
07 Mar 2021 04:15 Samarai Papua New Guinea  0.1
07 Mar 2021 04:15 Sidudu Papua New Guinea  0.1
07 Mar 2021 04:15 Magesina Papua New Guinea  0.1
07 Mar 2021 04:15 Sideia I Papua New Guinea  0.1
07 Mar 2021 04:15 Tegerauna Mission Papua New Guinea  0.1
07 Mar 2021 04:15 Bedauna Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Alotau Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Daio Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Toulie Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Kaloi Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Awaiama Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Aigubu Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Iapoa Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Kilakilana School Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Piori Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Wapulamutana Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Lelehudi Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Hiliwau Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 21:00 Gaduda Papua New Guinea  0.1
05 Mar 2021 03:45 Buxton Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 03:45 Burrum Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 03:45 Traviston Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 03:45 Toogoom Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 04:00 Port Bundaberg Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 04:00 The Grange Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 04:00 Burnett Heads Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 04:00 Bargara Australia  0.1
04 Mar 2021 20:30 Innisfail Australia  0.1
04 Mar 2021 15:30 Avondale Australia  0.1
04 Mar 2021 15:30 Moore Park Australia  0.1
04 Mar 2021 15:30 Fairymead Australia  0.1
07 Mar 2021 07:00 Running Creek Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 05:45 Amity Point Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 05:30 Point Lookout Australia  0.1
06 Mar 2021 17:15 Isino Vanuatu  0.1
07 Mar 2021 01:00 Umetch Vanuatu  0.1
06 Mar 2021 17:15 Anelghowhat Vanuatu  0.1
06 Mar 2021 17:15 Port Patrick Vanuatu  0.1
05 Mar 2021 09:15 Mossman Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 09:15 Miallo Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 09:15 Wonga Australia  0.1
05 Mar 2021 09:15 Port Douglas Australia  0.1
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Coolum Australia  0.1
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Maroochydore Australia  0.1
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Coolum Beach Australia  0.1
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Mooloolaba Australia  0.1
04 Mar 2021 12:15 Caloundra Australia  0.1