Overall Orange Tropical Cyclone alert for MEKUNU-18 in Oman from 22 May 2018 00:00 UTC to 26 May 2018 00:00 UTC

GDACS is a cooperation framework between the United Nations, the European Commission and disaster managers worldwide to improve alerts, information exchange and coordination in the first phase after major sudden-onset disasters.

Overall Orange alert Tropical Cyclone for MEKUNU-18

in Oman

24 May 2018 06 UTC

click on

to select bulletin time

Meteorological source:

GDACS JTWC

Impact Single TC

GFS
HWRF
ECMWF

Impact based on all weather systems in the area

Impact

Tropical Cyclone MEKUNU-18 can have a medium humanitarian impact based on the maximum sustained wind speed,exposed population and vulnerability.

Meteorological source	HWRF
Exposed countries	Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Somalia
Exposed population	10 thousand in Category 1 or higher
Maximum wind speed	138 km/h
Maximum storm surge	0.4 m (25 May 15:15 UTC)
Vulnerability	Medium (Oman)

GDACS Score

GDACS alert score for Tropical Cyclones is 0.5 (GREEN Alert), 1.5 (ORANGE Alert), 2.5 (RED Alert)
For more info on GDACS alert score click here.

	Wind	Storm surge	Rainfall	GDACS score
HWRF Current	138 km/h	0.4 m	n.a.	0.5
HWRF Overall	156 km/h	0.4 m	n.a.	0.5
Maximum winds, storm surge, rainfall (Current: over the next 72 h, Overall: entire TC track)

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Wind

156 km/h

Up to 10 thousand in Category 1 strength or higher (see SSHS)

Wind exposed population - AoIs

Estimations based on the bulletin of 24 May 2018 06:00 UTC

Category	Country	Population
CAT. 1	Oman, Yemen	12,242	+
	Yemen	5,580
	Oman	6,626
	Other countries	36
Tropical Storm	Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Somalia	545,747	+
	Saudi Arabia	4,208
	Yemen	68,532
	Oman	271,393
	Other countries	535
	Somalia	201,079

See TC classification SSHS

Wind Impact Timeline

people affected <=10000

10000< people affected <=100000

people affected >100000

N°	Date (UTC)	Max Winds (km/h)	Pop in Cat. 1 or higher	TS	Cat. 1	Cat. 2	Cat. 3	Cat. 4	Cat. 5	Countries
1	22 May 2018 00:00	194	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
2	22 May 2018 06:00	132	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
3	22 May 2018 12:00	129	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
4	22 May 2018 18:00	140	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
5	23 May 2018 00:00	166	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
6	23 May 2018 06:00	156	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
7	23 May 2018 12:00	156	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
8	23 May 2018 18:00	148	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
9	24 May 2018 00:00	176	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
10	24 May 2018 06:00	138	10 thousand			-	-	-	-	Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Other countries, Somalia

Download:

Impact estimation for the next 72h

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Rainfall

Rain exposed population - AoIs

No exposed population (greater than 50mm) based on the bulletin of 24 May 2018 06:00 UTC

Rain Impact Timeline

people affected <=10000

10000< people affected <=100000

people affected >100000

N°	Date (UTC)	Max Rainfall (mm)	Pop >100mm or higher	50-100	100-250	250-500	500-750	750-1000	>1000
1	22 May 2018 00:00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
2	22 May 2018 06:00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
3	22 May 2018 12:00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
4	22 May 2018 18:00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
5	23 May 2018 00:00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
6	23 May 2018 06:00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
7	23 May 2018 12:00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
8	23 May 2018 18:00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
9	24 May 2018 00:00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
10	24 May 2018 06:00	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Impact estimation for the next 72h

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StormSurge

0.4 m

The maximum Storm surge height is 0.4m in Araft, Oman. This height is estimated for 25 May 2018 15:15 UTC .

The JRC has developed an experimental global storm surge model, which is run after each advisory issued by the regional tropical cyclone centres. The calculations are published about 20 minutes after a new advisory is detected by GDACS. The calculations identify the populated places affected by storm surge up to three days in advance, using the forecasted track. When forecasts change, the associated storm surge changes too and alert levels may go up or down. All links, data, statistics and maps refer to the latest available calculation. If the calculation for the last advisory is not completed, the latest available calculation is shown.

Storm Surge Exposed population - AoIs

Storm Surge Exposed locations

Calculation based on the bulletin of 24 May 2018 06:00 UTC

Alert	Date (UTC)	Name	Country	Storm surge height (m)
	25 May 2018 15:15	Araft	Oman	0.4
	25 May 2018 15:15	Salalah	Oman	0.4
	25 May 2018 15:15	Al Kathir	Oman	0.4
	25 May 2018 15:15	Sudh	Oman	0.4
	25 May 2018 15:15	Mughsayl	Oman	0.4
	25 May 2018 15:00	Kharfat	Oman	0.4
	25 May 2018 11:45	Taqah	Oman	0.4
	25 May 2018 17:45	Dhalqut	Oman	0.4
	25 May 2018 17:45	Al Kharifut	Oman	0.4
	25 May 2018 17:45	Safqut	Oman	0.4
	25 May 2018 18:15	Jadib	Yemen	0.3
	25 May 2018 18:15	Hauf	Yemen	0.3
	25 May 2018 11:45	Marbat	Oman	0.3
	24 May 2018 08:15	Ascira	Somalia	0.3
	24 May 2018 06:15	Tabut	Yemen	0.3
	24 May 2018 06:15	Hayrut	Yemen	0.3
	24 May 2018 11:00	Sala Gon	Somalia	0.3
	24 May 2018 11:00	Hurdiyo	Somalia	0.3
	24 May 2018 11:00	Xaafuun	Somalia	0.3
	24 May 2018 17:15	Mach	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 17:15	Tooxin	Somalia	0.2
	25 May 2018 19:45	Damqawt	Yemen	0.2
	24 May 2018 14:45	Nishtun	Yemen	0.2
	24 May 2018 09:00	Aiesloho	Somalia	0.2
	25 May 2018 12:45	Ad Dasma'	Kuwait	0.2
	25 May 2018 12:45	Al Kuwayt	Kuwait	0.2
	25 May 2018 12:45	Shumaymah	Kuwait	0.2
	25 May 2018 20:15	Al Fatk	Yemen	0.2
	24 May 2018 10:30	Laasqoray	Somalia	0.2
	25 May 2018 12:45	Az Zawr	Kuwait	0.2
	24 May 2018 19:30	Botiala	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 10:15	Bargaal	Somalia	0.2
	25 May 2018 09:30	Qaysad	Oman	0.2
	24 May 2018 08:45	Abd Allah Gharib	Yemen	0.2
	24 May 2018 08:45	Jarub	Yemen	0.2
	24 May 2018 08:45	Al Faydami	Yemen	0.2
	24 May 2018 10:45	Saqr	Yemen	0.2
	25 May 2018 13:15	As Saffaniyah	Saudi Arabia	0.2
	25 May 2018 13:15	Al Khawwari	Saudi Arabia	0.2
	24 May 2018 08:30	Harag Jid	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 10:45	Bereeda	Somalia	0.2
	25 May 2018 09:15	Sadh	Oman	0.2
	24 May 2018 06:00	Ghubbah	Yemen	0.2
	24 May 2018 06:00	Qashlu	Yemen	0.2
	24 May 2018 06:00	Qadub	Yemen	0.2
	24 May 2018 06:00	Hadiboh	Yemen	0.2
	24 May 2018 15:15	Hundegal	Somalia	0.2
	25 May 2018 13:00	Al Funaytis	Kuwait	0.2
	24 May 2018 11:00	Qishn	Yemen	0.2
	24 May 2018 10:15	Sawqirah	Oman	0.2
	24 May 2018 10:15	Lakabi	Oman	0.2
	24 May 2018 20:30	Deh-Cabo	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 19:00	Bandar Jedid	Somalia	0.2
	25 May 2018 12:45	Al Funnayhil	Kuwait	0.2
	24 May 2018 06:45	Siqirah	Yemen	0.2
	24 May 2018 10:30	Ceelaayo	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 10:30	Bender Siyaada	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 16:30	Mandvi	India	0.2
	25 May 2018 13:00	Manifah	Saudi Arabia	0.2
	25 May 2018 00:30	Lakba	Oman	0.2
	25 May 2018 13:00	Sheikh Ali Idris	Somalia	0.2
	25 May 2018 13:00	Bullaxaar	Somalia	0.2
	25 May 2018 13:00	Geeri	Somalia	0.2
	25 May 2018 13:00	Mina Abd Allah	Kuwait	0.2
	24 May 2018 06:45	Caluula	Somalia	0.2
	25 May 2018 01:00	Hubaris	Saudi Arabia	0.2
	24 May 2018 21:30	Dhurbo	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 21:30	Bandar Murcaayo	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 21:30	Geesaley	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 21:30	Abo	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 08:30	Takhushih	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 08:30	Saylac	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 14:00	Goth Lashkari	Pakistan	0.2
	25 May 2018 17:15	Al Jahra	Kuwait	0.2
	26 May 2018 13:30	Jazirah	United Arab Emirates	0.2
	26 May 2018 13:30	Tarif	United Arab Emirates	0.2
	26 May 2018 13:30	Bu Lifiyat	United Arab Emirates	0.2
	24 May 2018 08:30	Djibouti	Djibouti	0.2
	24 May 2018 08:30	Loyado	Djibouti	0.2
	24 May 2018 06:00	Boho	Somalia	0.2
	24 May 2018 06:00	Wareegsimo	Somalia	0.2
	25 May 2018 12:45	Al Ad'ami	Kuwait	0.2
	24 May 2018 15:45	Quwayrah	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 11:15	'Ag	Somalia	0.1
	24 May 2018 06:45	Kinshia	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 06:45	Kilmia	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 16:15	Itab	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 11:45	Bola Cohuan	Somalia	0.1
	25 May 2018 00:30	Miji	Oman	0.1
	25 May 2018 12:30	Mina Said	Kuwait	0.1
	25 May 2018 11:15	Hasik	Oman	0.1
	25 May 2018 20:00	Fararah	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:00	Okha	India	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:00	Aramda	India	0.1
	25 May 2018 18:15	Ghuar Mota	India	0.1
	24 May 2018 07:15	Cadayo	Somalia	0.1
	25 May 2018 00:45	Arzeni	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 15:30	Isa	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 15:30	Naka Kharari	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 15:30	Gadani	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 23:00	Al Khaluf	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 23:00	Filim	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 07:15	Al Mudayq	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 07:15	Masnaah	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 07:15	Bu 'Abali	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 07:15	Abu 'Abali	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 07:15	Suwadi al Batsa'	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 07:15	Billa	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:30	Tadjoura	Djibouti	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:00	Ari Adeso	Somalia	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:00	Berbera	Somalia	0.1
	24 May 2018 15:45	Marero	Somalia	0.1
	24 May 2018 15:45	Bacaad	Somalia	0.1
	24 May 2018 15:45	Aantaara	Somalia	0.1
	25 May 2018 14:45	Haswayn	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 18:00	Qandala	Somalia	0.1
	24 May 2018 09:45	As Sirab	Oman	0.1
	25 May 2018 09:15	Bandar-e Band-e	Iran	0.1
	25 May 2018 09:15	Bandar Suflin	Iran	0.1
	25 May 2018 09:15	Basaidu	Iran	0.1
	25 May 2018 09:15	Dustku	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 12:30	Rehayto	Eritrea	0.1
	24 May 2018 16:45	Suthri	India	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:45	Fagal	Djibouti	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:45	Khor Angar	Djibouti	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:45	Mayyun	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 06:45	Murayjat	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 06:45	Barka	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 18:00	Mulaax Beyle	Somalia	0.1
	24 May 2018 23:15	Berizak	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:30	Eddi Gellei	Somalia	0.1
	25 May 2018 12:30	Manfadh al Khafji	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:45	Lughaye	Somalia	0.1
	25 May 2018 14:15	Maydh	Somalia	0.1
	25 May 2018 15:00	Burum	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 15:00	Fuwwah	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 15:00	Al Mukalla	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 15:00	Al Juwaibiyat	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:15	Al Ghulayfiqah	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:15	Buyut al Muhamirah	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 19:00	Gishub	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 13:15	Hadeytacawl	Somalia	0.1
	25 May 2018 13:15	Sabawanaag	Somalia	0.1
	25 May 2018 13:15	Biyafoge	Somalia	0.1
	25 May 2018 12:30	Ras all Khafji	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:30	Gadechi	India	0.1
	25 May 2018 05:15	Al Qumrah	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 13:45	Buro	Somalia	0.1
	24 May 2018 12:30	Dhubab	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 12:30	Murad	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:45	Muhammad 'Ali Bin Fatha Sumana	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 22:30	Al Mansuri	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 22:30	Kraytar	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 06:15	Mutra	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 19:00	Bada	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 23:15	'Ain Ba Ma'bad	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 23:15	'Ain al-Juwairi	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 23:15	Jilah	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:00	Konarak	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:00	Tis	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:00	Chah Bahar	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:00	Ahmadizeh	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:30	Obock	Djibouti	0.1
	25 May 2018 12:15	Al-Raiyan	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 20:00	Bandar-e Dargaham	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 20:00	Dogerdan	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 20:00	Qeshm	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 20:00	Bandar Abbas	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:30	Gurdim	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:30	Guraim	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:30	Dorri	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:30	Pozm Tiab	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:30	Machan	Iran	0.1
	25 May 2018 12:15	Qa'wa	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 12:15	Madinat ash Shab	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 09:30	Quddam	Yemen	0.1
	26 May 2018 14:45	Boosaaso	Somalia	0.1
	24 May 2018 23:00	Masqat	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 23:00	Al Bustan	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 23:00	Yiti	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 23:00	As Sifah	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 15:45	Nafun	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 12:45	Ceel Dhahanaan	Somalia	0.1
	24 May 2018 18:00	Al Hajaf	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:15	'Imran	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 15:15	Qusayir	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 15:15	Sarar	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 15:15	Raida	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 15:15	Hasana	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 10:30	Dawwah	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 10:30	Dafiyat	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 10:30	Dhuwwah	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 10:30	Shiinzi	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 20:00	Al Fazah	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 20:00	Al Butays	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 20:00	Al Khawkhah	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 11:00	Kalat	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 11:00	Makola	Pakistan	0.1
	25 May 2018 14:30	Chatleh	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 14:00	Ras Muari	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 14:00	Goth Haji Muhammad	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 10:45	Maushij	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 10:45	Jirdan	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 17:00	Al Fanatir	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	25 May 2018 12:30	Al Mish ab	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	24 May 2018 19:45	Kamaran	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 19:45	Sayfaf	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 19:45	Al Jazirah	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 19:45	Qurayyah	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 19:45	Ibn Abbas	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 06:45	Manumah	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 18:30	Miyani	India	0.1
	24 May 2018 14:15	Brar	Pakistan	0.1
	25 May 2018 17:00	Al Jubayl Industrial City	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	25 May 2018 15:00	Ash Shihr	Yemen	0.1
	26 May 2018 11:30	Abu Dhabi	United Arab Emirates	0.1
	25 May 2018 15:00	Khird	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 15:00	Hami	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:45	Al Bahiyah	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 02:00	Markaz ash Shurtah	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	24 May 2018 10:45	Beylu	Eritrea	0.1
	25 May 2018 14:15	Al Haibala	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 22:45	Khormaksar	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 22:45	'Adan	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 17:00	Maallah	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 11:30	Musaina'a	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 05:15	Shuwayr	Oman	0.1
	25 May 2018 05:15	Duqm	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 20:00	Al 'Urj	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 15:00	Karmu	Eritrea	0.1
	24 May 2018 15:00	Idi	Eritrea	0.1
	24 May 2018 15:00	Halaba	Eritrea	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:45	Ormara	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:00	Madhi	India	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:00	Bhogat	India	0.1
	24 May 2018 11:00	Alela	Eritrea	0.1
	24 May 2018 11:00	Aseb	Eritrea	0.1
	24 May 2018 11:00	Aylu	Eritrea	0.1
	24 May 2018 10:15	Al Ashkharah	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 10:15	Al Jumaylah	Oman	0.1
	25 May 2018 12:30	Al Irqah	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 16:00	Jiwani	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 21:15	Sair	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	24 May 2018 21:15	Haima	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	24 May 2018 21:15	Fugwa	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	24 May 2018 21:15	Sajid	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	24 May 2018 21:15	Humr	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	24 May 2018 06:00	Sharkhat	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 13:00	Shaqra	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 12:30	Ghadir	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 18:15	Al Hudaydah	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 18:15	Jabanah	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 19:30	As Sufal	Yemen	0.1
	26 May 2018 01:15	Tamnum	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 13:45	Bu Taheri	Iran	0.1
	25 May 2018 00:45	Steroh	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 13:45	Emamzadeh Shah Abdolah	Iran	0.1
	25 May 2018 13:45	Bandar-e Deylam	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 14:45	Keti	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 17:30	Zulumah	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 18:00	Sonmiani	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 15:45	Dwarka	India	0.1
	24 May 2018 16:15	Babaiu	Eritrea	0.1
	25 May 2018 22:00	Bi'r Qa'ati	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 22:00	Al 'Aws	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 14:45	Dhafghan	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 11:30	Malan	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 07:15	Akara	Pakistan	0.1
	24 May 2018 07:15	Gwadar	Pakistan	0.1
	25 May 2018 13:30	Carmaale	Somalia	0.1
	24 May 2018 06:00	Qulansiyah	Yemen	0.1
	25 May 2018 13:30	Lilitin	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 16:00	Balaru	Pakistan	0.1
	25 May 2018 00:30	Hormoz	Iran	0.1
	25 May 2018 02:00	Nahud	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	24 May 2018 22:00	As Sahm	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 22:00	Dayl	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 22:00	Al Qasabiyat	Oman	0.1
	25 May 2018 13:45	Balhaf	Yemen	0.1
	24 May 2018 16:00	Beraisole	Eritrea	0.1
	25 May 2018 13:45	Batalaale	Somalia	0.1
	24 May 2018 21:15	Farasan	Saudi Arabia	0.1
	24 May 2018 16:15	Hawra	Eritrea	0.1
	24 May 2018 07:15	Ramlah	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 07:15	Quryat	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 07:15	Daghmar	Oman	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:45	Sam	Iran	0.1
	24 May 2018 08:45	Beris	Iran	0.1

Disclaimer
While we try everything to ensure accuracy, this information is purely indicative and should not be used for any decision making without alternate sources of information.
The JRC is not responsible for any damage or loss resulting from the use of the information presented on this website.
The designations employed and the presentation of material on the map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.